What is a US Nautical Mile?
The US nautical mile is based on the international nautical mile, which was agreed at the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco in 1929. The length was set at 1,852 meters, close to one minute of latitude. The Earth is not a perfect sphere, so a minute of latitude varies slightly with latitude, but for practical purposes the US nautical mile is a fixed value.
Speed over water is measured in knots, one knot being one nautical mile per hour, so 10 knots is 18.52km/h. The US only adopted the 1,852 meter nautical mile in 1954 – it previously used a slightly longer one.
What is a chain?
The chain is a surveying unit of 66 feet, which is exactly 20.1168 meters. It is divided into 100 links of 7.92 inches each, and 80 chains make a mile.
The chain was devised by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter around 1620 and used to survey land. Ten square chains make exactly an acre, which is why surveyors liked it. GPS has replaced it for most work, though US public land surveys are still recorded in chains and links.