What is a decimeter?
A decimeter (dm) is one tenth of a meter, or 10 centimeters. The 'deci' is the SI prefix for 10^-1.
The decimeter is rarely used by itself, since people go from centimeters straight to meters. You mostly meet it as the cubic decimeter, which is exactly one liter.
A decimeter is about 3.937 inches, so just under four. Divide inches by 3.937 – or multiply by 0.254 – to go the other way.
What is a furlong?
A furlong is 220 yards or 660 feet, which is exactly 201.168 meters. It is an eighth of a mile.
The origin of the term "furlong" can be traced back to Old English, where "furh" meant "furrow" and "lang" meant "long." This reflects the historical use of furlongs in measuring the length of a furrow in agricultural fields. In horse racing, furlongs are used to measure the distance between the starting point and the finish line. A racecourse typically consists of multiple furlongs, with the most common distances being 5 furlongs (5/8 of a mile) and 8 furlongs (1 mile).
Outside the racecourse the furlong has almost gone. British racing still gives distances in miles and furlongs, so a mile and a quarter is written 1m 2f. Road signs don't use it – they give miles and, for short distances, yards.